Small farm ponds: overlooked features with important impacts on watershed sediment transport

Despite their size, small farm ponds are important features in many landscapes. Yet hydrographical databases often fail to capture these ponds, and their impacts on watershed processes remain unclear. For a 230‐km² portion of central Texas, United States (U.S.), we created a historical inventory of ponds and quantified the accuracy of automated detection methods under varying drought conditions. In addition, we documented pond dredging/enlargement events and identified sites that had been abandoned. We also analyzed sediment cores from downstream reservoirs to track changes in watershed sediment transport. Over 75 years, pond densities increased more than 350% — to among the highest documented in the U.S. — and the ability of automated methods to detect these ponds was highly dependent on drought severity (R² = 0.96). Approximately 5% of ponds present in the 1950s were no longer present in 2012, while 33% were dredged between 1937 and 2012. Downstream reservoir sedimentation has decreased by an average of 55% as ponds have increased in number. These findings suggest that small ponds and the maintenance of trapping efficiency have large‐scale impacts on sediment dynamics. Accurately accounting for these storage effects is vital to water resource planning efforts.     

土工管袋应用于污泥脱水的工程实践经验

土工管袋应用于污泥脱水是一种新型实用的方法,目前国内应用经验较少。为了推广该新型工艺在污泥、淤泥上的应用,通过多次的小试、中试及工程的实施,总结了土工管袋应用于污泥脱水工程的多方面经验,包括项目实施前的准备工作、材料药剂的筛选方法、管袋充填操作中的安全事项、系统的设置及操作注意事项等等,并对如何实现管袋脱水系统的整体运行稳定性、高效性、经济性做了阐述。     

清淤疏浚工程对七里海潟湖湿地水体交换的影响

七里海潟湖湿地受到人类活动的影响,湖盆淤积、湖面萎缩、水质恶化,其生态修复工程（一期）通过对湖盆进行清淤疏浚来改善潟湖生态环境.基于三重嵌套非结构网格建立七里海潟湖湿地水动力和物质输运数学模型,采用实测资料对模型的潮位、流速和流向进行验证,运用欧拉法计算潟湖整体滞留时间及其空间分布,分析工程对七里海潟湖水动力和水体交换的影响,结果表明：（1）工程对潮位的影响较小,工程后潮汐通道口门处涨落潮流量增大,涨落潮流速也随之增加;（2）工程后,潟湖纳潮量较工程前提升87%,滞留时间较工程前降低38%,水体交换能力自潮汐通道向潟湖内部逐渐减弱,工程对潟湖水体交换能力的改善主要集中在河道及潟湖中心水域;（3）工程前水体滞留时间的分布主要受到潟湖地貌影响,工程后水深增大,流场受地貌的影响变小,水体交换能力的分布主要受到潟湖流场影响.清淤疏浚工程有助于潟湖改善水体的交换能力和生态环境.     

湖泊疏浚方式对内源释放影响的模拟研究

通过室内模拟试验,探讨不同疏浚方式对内源氮磷释放的影响以及不同湖区疏浚后氮磷释放的差异性.理想式疏浚和绞吸式疏浚沉积物磷的释放速率分别为未疏浚的20%和72%,并且A(内湾)湖区沉积物磷的释放速率是B(外湾)湖区的80%左右.理想式疏浚和绞吸式疏浚后沉积物氨氮的释放速率分别是抓斗式疏浚的40%和83%,但是这几种疏浚方式对氨氮的释放并没有达到理想的效果,在短期内对氨氮的释放甚至是起促进作用的,并且A湖区(内湾)氮的释放速率约是B湖区(外湾)的1.5倍,这应该看作是湖泊疏浚工程一个潜在的负作用.研究结果表明,理想式和绞吸式疏浚方式对内源释放有较好的控制作用,在外源输入得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚可以作为湖泊沉积物污染修复的手段,并且结合目前的技术手段,在太湖的疏浚工程中应尽量选择绞吸式疏浚.     

Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Algae-caused black bloom (also known as black water agglomerate) has recently become a critical problem in some Chinese lakes.It has been suggested that the occurrence of algae-caused black bloom was caused by the cooperation of nutrient-rich sediment with dead algae,and sludge dredging was adopted to control black bloom in some lakes of China.In this article,based on the simulation of black bloom using a Y-shape apparatus for modeling natural conditions,both un-dredged and dredged sites in three areas of Taihu Lake,China were studied to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom.During the experiment,drained algae were added to all six sites as an additional organic load;subsequently,the dissolved oxygen decreased rapidly,dropping to 0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface.Black bloom did not occur in the dredged sites of Moon Bay and Nan Quan,whereas all three un-dredged sites at Fudu Port,Moon Bay and Nan Quan experienced black bloom.Black bloom also occurred at the dredged site of Fudu Port one day later than at the other sites,and the odor and color were lighter than at the other locations.The color and odor of the black water mainly result from the presence of sulfides such as metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide,among other chemicals,under reductive conditions.The color and odor of the water,together with the high concentrations of nutrients,were mainly caused by the decomposition of the algae and the presence of nutrient-rich sediment.Overall,the removal of the nutrient-rich sediment by dredging can prevent the occurrence and control the degree of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake.     

疏浚过程中的环境影响分析及其对策研究

环保疏浚因能将水体的污染底泥彻底去除,消除影响水质的潜在因素,从而成为治理水体的一项重要措施。但是,环保疏浚工程中扰动污染底泥、污染底泥处置不当等会导致环境的二次污染。各项减少底泥扰动以及底泥的资源化利用技术成为研究热点。减少污染底泥扰动主要是通过改进疏浚设备工艺来实现,目前国内主要采用的环保疏浚设备是绞吸式挖泥船与环保绞刀。底泥的资源化利用不但可以改善其对环境的二次污染,而且可变废为宝,增加资源,目前资源化利用途径主要有土地利用、建筑材料、填方材料、污水处理材料、制氢技术等。     

抓斗式疏浚设备对底泥污染物释放规律的研究

抓斗式疏浚设备如何进行效率高、底泥污染物释放少的疏浚是环保疏浚面临的难题。根据环保疏浚的要求和三峡库区常年回水区的具体情况,要解决库区淤积和一般疏浚工程带来的二次污染问题,必须从减少扰动,防止泥沙悬浮等方面寻求最优参数。采用传统的抓斗式疏浚设备通过抓斗开度、飘斗角、抓泥频率等参数的控制模拟三峡库区常年回水区底泥疏浚,以寻找底泥污染物释放量最小的参数组合。建议三峡库区常年回水区疏浚以试验最优参数组合为基础,结合实际通航要求进行工程疏浚。     

三峡库区航道疏浚泥沙悬浮扩散影响数值模拟研究

在利用FLUENT软件建立三维输移扩散模型的基础上,针对不同疏浚期,构建了汛期疏浚、旱期疏浚两种施工方案下的三维数学模型;对不同施工方案下的泥沙悬浮扩散范围及浓度分布进行模拟预测,得出了2种方案下泥沙悬浮扩散规律;对各种施工方案下对施工区域水体环境的影响进行分析比较,发现旱期疏浚对水体环境的整体影响小于汛期疏浚。     

湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移影响的模拟研究

选择太湖梅梁湾污染沉积物为研究对象,选取夏季和冬季两个典型季节,进行室内模拟试验研究了湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移的影响.结果表明,研究区模拟疏浚20 cm能够有效地抑制沉积物发生再悬浮,冬季疏浚比夏季疏浚抑制效果更好,在扰动过程中夏季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱总悬浮物(TSS)最大含量分别为初始值的7.0和2.2倍;而冬季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱分别为24.3和6.4倍.统计分析发现,夏、冬两季模拟试验未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱中总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)含量都与TSS含量变化呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),表明风浪扰动造成大量沉积物再悬浮,并伴随内源磷的释放是水柱中TP和磷酸盐的主要来源.夏季模拟试验疏浚对水柱中TP和磷酸盐负荷控制效果略差,冬季模拟试验疏浚水柱中TP和磷酸盐含量都显著(P<0.01)低于未疏浚对照.利用薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术研究了夏季疏浚沉积物-水界面上间隙水中溶解态活性磷(DRP)垂向分布,未疏浚水土界面中间隙水DRP扩散层厚度大于疏浚样,但疏浚样间隙水DRP在水土界面的离子浓度势能大于未疏浚对照样,表明底泥疏浚可以有效地降低疏浚区间隙水中DRP潜在的释放风险,但水动力作用下短期内可能会导致疏浚间隙水中DRP释放.对于太湖这样的大型浅水湖泊,确定最佳的疏浚时令、疏浚深度及疏浚范围至关重要.     

PCDD/F and PCB multi-media ambient concentrations, congener patterns and occurrence in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France)

Ambient concentrations, congener patterns and multi-media distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were determined in air, water, sediment and mussels in a semi-enclosed marine ecosystem (Thau lagoon, France). summation operator2,3,7,8-PCDD/F and summation operator7ICES PCB air concentrations (0.2-1.4 and 31-57pg m(-3), respectively) were typical of rural areas. Concentrations in the water column were very low for PCDD/Fs (163-476fg L(-1)) and low for PCBs (138-708pg L(-1)). PCDD/F and PCB concentrations found in surface sediment (0.15-1.6 and 2.5-33ng g(-1) d.w., respectively) and mussel (13-21pg g(-1) d.w. and 10-39ng g(-1) d.w., respectively) were medium levels. PCDD/F congener patterns observed in air, water particulate phase and sediments were similar suggesting direct coupling among these compartments and atmospheric inputs of PCDD/Fs into the lagoon. Conversely, for the same set of samples, similar patterns were not observed for PCBs in the mentioned compartments.